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Each country is blaming the other for initiating the conflict, which has reportedly left civilians dead on both sides. Armenia has declared martial law and mobilized its military.
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The Senate resolution recognizes the killing of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire between 1915 and 1923. Turkey condemned the move, saying it has put the U.S.-Turkey relationship at risk.
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Last year, Pope Francis called the Ottoman Empire's slaughter of Armenians "the first genocide of the 20th century," sparking a diplomatic spat with Turkey. He begins a 3-day visit to Armenia Friday.